我的 death to 2021

昏暗的凌晨6点到早上8点,是我一天中脑子最澄明,身体最轻松的时候。肠胃有多个小时免于强酸的侵蚀,从上一天的闹剧中偃旗息鼓,于是身体呈现出一种伪正常状态。随着接下来一天的进食,它又开始霸道地争夺着我薄弱的注意力……过去十几天来周而复始。一开始只是躺平应对,到后来,我意识到这病症的长期性,唯有把这种苦难活成平常。只可惜在芝没法早点去做胃镜,关于这病症最可怕的梦魇,恐怕要在我心里萦绕一个多月了。

这病来得可以说是意料之外,情理之中了。只是在风平浪静的某天,一个本来锐意进取,乐于玩铁的天将猛女(笑)就倒在床上变成一个自怨自弃的嘤嘤怪了。事后想来,我平日无烟无酒无麻辣,又怎会生病至此…只能怨过去睡得太少,夜宵太多,六七年幽门螺杆菌没治好。

其实过去睡得少也不都是工作学习的压力,主要是本人太浪,越到放假熬夜越狠。我可太喜欢折腾了,大千世界有趣的事情那么多,做什么不比睡觉更爽。再加上,我是一个中二之魂熊熊燃烧的圣母婊,活在这个众生皆苦的世界,必定是要make a dent。在2021年,更觉得这个世界到了存亡之秋,那种欲力挽狂澜,早日出人头地的野心就更加强烈了。哈哈哈,结果二十四岁除了满脑子中二热血,便是百无一用,一事无成,正值 quarter life crisis 就人躺着了。

前段时间还在床上捧起了道德经,看到“载营魄抱一,能无离乎?”,“绵绵若存,用之不勤”;感叹人若求长生,精神不能跑得离气血太远,不能把自己使用得太频繁。只需要做自己义不容辞,理所应当的事情,不争抢也不居功,便可在天地间找到合适的容身之处。本来是想翻翻老子给自己找 unjuanable 躺平哲学的,结果看着寥寥几段话竟然有了否定又否定的想法…到底什么是自己义所当为,理所当为的事情?如果我应该做的事情就是要“用之过勤”呢?如果我就是没办法“载营魄抱一”,还是想要超出自己身体的能力活着呢?也许,老子的重点在于“后其身而身先,外其身而身存”,破除我执,把身心视为外物,就不会强求。

刚放假的时候,曾和芝大一位生物博士后姐姐吃饭。她提到研究组里有一个天才RA。当别人实验还搞不太清楚的时候,他已经什么都会干;叫他运行程序,他就自己写了一个包。那种旺盛的好奇心和卓绝的智力让众人无不钦佩,导师也把他推荐去了斯坦福读博;谁想,拿到offer的天才RA转去读神学了。原来这个人身患白血病,很早就已经被医生判决活不长。年纪轻轻,却大限在望,人生的终极问题怕是常常在他耳中回响。多想继续学习思考,趁活着的时候尽可能了解这个世界的奥义…哪怕平凡如我,亦能感同身受。

2022,生命不息,折腾不已。

屋里的冷风和武英殿的雪

今天是2020年最后一天,我还有申请的事情没有弄完,拖拉了十几天的任务需要赶。但是为了能在这个特定的日子扯淡,那些活儿都交给1月1日的凌晨吧…

2020年实属魔幻,可以扯的东西太多。但我在这里只想思考一下人生,写写自己的生活,拾遗了一下自己的照片回想当时的心境(顺便再给我的约拍副业打个广告?今年自己的照骗太多了! 虽然也不好看但可以说是达到超水平表现人像的效果了…基本上都是在景点拍的,还是希望以后能拿起相机记录最平凡的日常生活)

2020年9月13日上午,大概是西六宫的某个门拍的。当时阳光正好照射进门,自然打光特别好!
2020年10月3日颐和园 我又进入了新的短发循环hhh 近景是树杈,光通过树叶斑驳地打在侧半边脸上

昨天凌晨3:28分,我又又又被冻醒了。外面呼啸的寒风暴力地撞击着这个房间的旧窗户,被子外面已经冷得我鼻子都不敢露出来。在这各回各家的新年时刻,只有我一个人在设施陈旧的出租屋里呆着,在北京遭遇了十年来最冷的一个晚上。为了省钱,租的房屋窗户漏风,暖气不给力,我却懒惰到从来没有想过改善现状的办法。而入冬以后几次三番地在凌晨冻醒,只是我生活窘迫的一个小小的方面吧。当这种窘迫被凸显出来的时候,我就会特别想回我的广东老家,逃离北京这种气候恶劣,美食荒漠的大城市。可同时我会想起,2020年的7月份,我也是抱着“逃离”的心情离开广东老家,来到北京工作的。

2020年9月13日 太和殿 这张倒是拍得比较游客照

很多时候我们来不及弄清楚自己想要什么,而是以更确定的心情判定了自己不想要什么(其实也不一定是这样)。很早以前,我的脑海里就有一副这样的图景:我开着一辆破烂的小卡车,穿最酷的衣服抹上最浓的妆,直踩油门远离学校这个压力锅,开到天涯海角再也不回来。而当这个欲望最强烈的时候,我各方面的成绩倒是最好的时候。我想逃避的东西:不自由、紧张、单调、困顿、孤独… 跟我心中所欲不过是一体两面,同时我想要的东西因为包含了这些令我畏惧的因素,而变得更加具有摄人的魔力。也许人类就是喜欢主动伤害自己,然后感受慢慢愈合成痂时内心深处平静的喜悦。

2020年9月13日 故宫

开启了科研助理工作以后,我的活儿似乎总是做不完(拖延症),常常在晚上11点后回家。冬夜里一个人走在中关村大街上,耳机里放的是古早日语歌,冷风划过我的脸…有时候觉得自己只是一个鬼魅,所处之地也并非人间。有一种巨大的无力感包围着我,仿佛是提前看到了人生尽头的光景。它提醒着我,虽然我一直以来都在追求极致,厌恶平庸,向往内心的强大,但说到底自己也不过是一个普通人。面对自然世界的浩渺,我的生命只是一块闪烁着微光的蜡烛,我所感受到的悲伤和欢乐,都只是微不足道地标记了一段一去不复返的时光。

2020年11月21日 武英殿前的雪花

我只能以有价值和意义的工作,来对抗时间对青春和生命的掠夺。通常我觉得自己做事情的动力无非是两种:1. 兴趣爱好(包括求知欲) 2. 责任 (包括感恩)和共情。

曾经有一个女生朋友告诉我她认为爱情是人生存的意义。其实每个人都需要某种手段来点燃一种长期的激情,以对抗自己在这个浩渺世界中的无力感和虚无感。我觉得在某些情境下看到别人全心投入一段关系会给我一种审美上的满足,但事实上由于爱情高投入又高风险的特性,我觉得并不可靠,而单从情感层面讲,我认为任何一种深刻的友情都比单纯的爱情珍贵(我已经怀疑自己是无性恋了…)。

2020年11月21日 武英殿

有些兴趣爱好其实根源于我对时间流逝的恐惧,比如写作和摄影:我是多么害怕时间过去了我却无法清晰地记住那时强烈的想法和感觉 ,甚至也包括某些游戏,我会把它当作艺术品一样认真地体会并且写评论。后者中的责任和感恩来自于与他人的羁绊,但我发现自己有慕强倾向,更容易对强者的善意印象深刻…共情则是很普遍地对于同样身为人类的他者的情感,希望这个世代和以后世代的人,都能够体面地生活,感受世界的美好并进行有意义的思考。这两方面的动力是如此深刻(也许尤其是后者),激励着我不断进取…如果生活缺失了这些,我可能会陷入虚无的恐惧中,并且质疑自己活下去的必要。

我真是一个极端的怪人啊。以前总是想赢,现在不在乎输赢之后,只追求尽力抵达自己最大的价值和意义,哪怕失败也要以英雄而不是平庸的方式死去吧。

哈哈哈这本来是想废掉的,暴露了我女流氓的本质,与背景极度不和谐

我本科的时候曾经很喜欢一个游戏里的台词:“既然世间并无不朽,那么所有活着的生灵都是与天争命。难道羸弱便不求强大,微小便永坠尘泥?我想不断地磨练自身,变得更强,任何时候都不会因为自己的无能而茫然愤恨。” 哈哈可能直到现在我还是想抱着这种幼稚中二的心态努力着。

我的单位附近有家连锁卖羊汤的,我其实一直觉得羊汤并不好吃,但在那里的一次经历莫名地让我眼眶发红了。坐在我对面的一个30岁上下大叔正在以不太文明的大嗓门给家人打电话,以我对中国地方有限的了解也听不出是哪里的口音。我潜意识里的傲慢让我对这个大声打电话的人有些反感,也被动地听完了他的电话内容。他正在努力地向自己的父母证明自己的饮食质量很高:每天早上和中午出去跑车(没听明白,但应该是menial labor),一块钱一个的饼早上吃两个,中午吃两个,晚上花18块钱喝一碗羊杂汤,一天下来只需要22块钱。他用着非常不科学地营养理论,以积极的语气拼命地在父母面前显现出过得很好地样子…从那以后,我看着手中不知道加了多少味精的羊汤感到五味杂陈,一边想着生活更加不容易的大叔还会如此积极地面对生活,我更不应该沮丧;另一边想着,如果我的工作能让像大叔这样的人过上更加体面的生活,吃上更有营养的餐食,那该多好…

2020年11月21日 武英殿前的雪

其实在北京这么长时间,科研工作也没有什么成果。很多时候就是看着同事们拼命赶进度,而自己一筹莫展,以至于这个RA有点坐不住,想申请UChicago的硕士项目以寻求更好的机会。非常庆幸的是,老师们都特别好,在我的申请上主动帮了很多忙,周围的学长学姐也给予了很大的帮助。虽然不知道结果如何,从心底里深深地感谢我遇到的这些神仙老师和同事们!

2021年,既然人还活着,就再拼一些!再拼一些!

farewell 2020!

The Forbidden Palace in snow flurries 初雪落宫檐

part of Meridian Gate (午门) seen from the doorsteps of Hall of Literary Glory(文华殿). Photograph by Nancy.
Nancy in front of Hall of Martial Valor (武英殿). I was dressed in the style of Ming dynasty (but I failed to dress it correctly , and my makeup was in a terrible mess Lol) Photograph by Wei wei.

At 7am on 2020/11/21,it was freezing cold and rainy in Beijing. I wasn’t feeling well that morning, and was considering whether I should cancel my second visit to the Forbidden City that day, given the gloomy weather. However, I didn’t want to let down my friend, whom I asked to go out with me. I decided to put some makeup on and wear traditional Chinese customs. Once I left the house, I realized that I had underestimated the bad weather, and my dress went into a messy state as the rain poured down…I felt even worse. I couldn’t have known that it was going to be one of my best days in 2020, and it was a great decision to visit The Forbidden city despite the rain.

As our taxi was driving through the alleys near Gugong (The Forbidden City in Chinese), the annoying rain gradually transformed into snow flurries. This was the first winter snow in Beijing 2020! They fell onto the rooftops of the boutiques, adding a graceful veil of pure white. My friend Wei Wei and I grew excited: This was the first snow in Beijing’s winter, and we will witness it in Gugong palace.

The moat outside of Gugong palace 护城河 photograph by Nancy. There are many more pretty scenes outside the palace, but I just missed them.

We made an appointment to visit Gugong a week ago, with a purpose to photograph the autumn red leaves in the palace. There were worries that the leaves may have all fallen off because it was late November, and the rains had destructive effects. However the snowfall was like an unexpected gift——we may shoot the autumn leaves and the first snow altogether. My happiness on the way to palace was beyond description, and I was so excited that I wanted to shout with joy; meanwhile I had to hurry in order to be among the earliest tourists to enter Gugong. I thought it was smart to hurry, so I ignored the beautiful sceneries outside the palace. Later I realized how stupid I had been——the snow didn’t stay long, and the vanished beauty would never come back.

Meridian Gate (午门) seen from the doorsteps of Hall of Literary Glory(文华殿). Photograph by Nancy.

It’s hard to take photos at the central axis ( the line from the Meridian Gate upwards). First, Tourists usually swarm at The Hall of Supreme Harmony and other main palaces, which often spoil your picture. Second, There weren’t any flora on the central axis. Since Ming dynasty when the palace was built (Gugong is 600 years old), the central axis is designed to inspire awe from the subservients of the empire. Each individual was brutally forced to fit into the ruthless social order. There couldn’t be any element of liveliness in this complex symbolic of the emperor’s power, so it is a bit hard to take delightfully pretty photos. Third, the scene in the central axis is grandeur and enormous, which adds to the difficulty of shooting satisfying pictures. We didn’t have wide-angle lenses, and it was hard to find a higher shooting spot in Gugong. (However, I do have some nice pictures at the central axis, and I’ve written about it in my last Gugong essay)

A map of Gugong (The Forbidden City).

My friend Wei wei and me decided to visit the Hall of Literary Glory and the Hall of Martial Valor first. Those names are the names of complex, not just a building, so they refers to the upper right and left side areas of Meridian gate, with the Golden Water flowing through. What’s more, there were flora in those places, which enabled us to shoot autumn leaves backgrounded by the red palace walls.

We first visited Hall of Literary Glory. This was the place where princes of the empire received education. Princes started education at 6, and they were forced to begin studying before the break of day. They were required to memorize the ancient classics, cultivate high moral value, and most importantly, maintain the social order of the empire. Some princes were so depressed by this stress in early days, they became extremely rebellious once they came to power (e.g. Zhengde Emperor of Ming dynasty). Other princes turned out to be good upholders of the empire (e.g. Jiaqing Emperor of Qing dynasty), but they weren’t able to revolutionize it when it was corrupted and in a precarious state.

Seen from the door gate of Hall of Literary Glory. Photograph by Nancy
a balcony at the door gate of Hall of Literary Glory. Photograph by Nancy
Wei wei at the gate walls of Hall of Literary Glory. photo by Nancy

The place also serves to be a library of the empire. Siku Quanshu(四库全书) records every piece of knowledge of ancient China, it was so large that the empire built a palace to store the Siku Quanshu. It was taken to Taipei Gugong as the KMT retreated from mainland China.

The front door of the Hall of Literary Glory. A staff was sweeping the floor. Photograph by Nancy
A lamp in front of the door. Photograph by Nancy

Unfortunately, the hall wasn’t open. We could only walk around it. The trees in front of the door will blossom crabapple flowers in spring. There weren’t any flowers when we visited, and the leaves were falling. However, the snow flurries on the branches gave the illusion that there were flower blossoms indeed.

In his famous song of white snow, Cen Shen (poet in Tang dynasty) wrote “As though a gust of spring wind swept past overnight, Bringing thousands upon thousands of pear trees into bloom.”, which describes the snow scene in Northwestern China. Standing in front of the Hall of Literary Glory, it stroke me how true indeed snow flurries were similar to flowers in the spring. The end of November should have been an epilogue to all the plant life, but people’s imaginations are bringing back the very initial and the most splendid part. There’re hopes of life even in the gloomy states of death, and that’s the subtlety of mother Nature.

One tower of the Meridian gate, seen behind the walls of Hall of Literary Glory. The wet road reflects the red walls. Photograph by Nancy
A man was walking by

We then headed off to the Hall of Martial Valor (武英殿). The Golden Water river was in sight once we stepped through the gate. The river was used for prevention of fire disaster and for drainage. It was said that in ancient times, the servants would take ice from the Golden Water in winter, and stored it until summer, when the royal family enjoyed iced desserts and drinks.

The Golden Water river seen from the door steps of Hall of Martial Valor.

The Hall of Martial Valor was the office area for the emperors in early Ming and Qing dynasty. As the Ming emperors became less concerned about the government affairs, they indulged themselves in aesthetic pursuits and recruited brilliant painters to work in the area. In the later days of the Ming dynasty, some emperors became so rebellious against the powerful literati bureaucracy that they refused to work on the nation’ s affairs (e.g. Wanli Emperor, see the famous book 1587, a Year of No Significance ), which accelerated the downfall of Ming empire.

Between Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty, there’s a short-lived Da Shun dynasty (1644-1645), whose first and only emperor Li Zicheng ascended the crone here, and fled the Forbidden city next day from the intruding Manchurians (founders of Qing dynasty). Da Shun was led by impoverished farmers oppressed by Ming bureaucracies. Those people risked their lives throwing off the Ming dynasty, just in order to subsist themselves, and thus lacked the vision to govern and develop Chinese society.

When the army of farmers arrived at Beijing and witnessed the unparalleled beauty and luxury in the Forbidden City, all they did was robbery, rape and bloody slaughter of the aristocrats. Hearing their arrival, the genteel Ming emperor killed his family and hanged himself on a tree. Thousands of young maids drowned themselves in the moat, just to keep their dignity.

Old locust trees and willow trees, seen from the Broken Rainbow Bridge (断虹桥). The locust trees were planted in Ming dynasty. After so many changes in Chinese society, those natural beings still thrive,

The once brilliant military leader, Li Zicheng, was blinded by the beauty of the Forbidden City, and devoted himself to pleasures and a sensuous life. His men committed atrocities in the capital city, but he overlooked. As he brutally clamped down the remaining officials of Ming dynasty and showed no will to revive the nation, the desperate Ming general Wu Sangui, who defended Ming China from Manchurians, betrayed his nation and let the Manchurians into the vast lands of Han Chinese. This became the doom of Li Zicheng, and another end of the Han Chinese reign. (This also happened in Yuan dynasty when Han Chinese were ruled by Mongolians)

The old Locust tree and Gold Water River, seen from the Broken Rainbow Bridge. Autumn leaves were falling together with the snow flurries. Photograph by Nancy.

Just to be clear, the typical image of pre-modern age Chinese with a long braid is in fact a Manchurian style of look. The Han Chinese, which constitutes an overwhelming majority of the Chinese population, didn’t look like this traditionally. When the Manchurians took over and started Qing dynasty, the Han Chinese literati elites, resisted desperately. Although many reminisced the good old days of Ming dynasty and chose to ignore all its corruptions, the cruel Qing dynasty was still better than the visionless Da Shun dynasty.

Ironically, Li Zicheng and his Da Shun dynasty (and other farmer-led revolutions like Taiping rebellion in late Qing) have been presented positively in China’s history textbooks, implying that General Wu Sangui, who was irritated when Li’s man stole his beloved mistress, was the very reason of Li ‘s downfall. Modern China has a tendency to glorify the deeds of farmers and proletarians, but when the students grew more sophisticated, they knew their history books only told part of the story.

Snow before Hall of Martial Valor. photo by Nancy

Almost every emperor in Qing dynasty was descent and extremely industrious, securing all the powers in his own hand. Nevertheless, the magnificent empire decayed and was dying when Europe finished its first industrial revolution. There’s no hope of genuine development under ancient China’s oppressive, centralized, shut-away system, and it was always the people suffering the most.

Me rubbing my hands. It looks like I’m praying in the snow, but the fact is I’m just feeling cold. Photo by Wei wei.

Unfortunately, The hall of Martial Valor didn’t yet open its palaces…so we shoot a lot of portraits on the grass outside the red walls. It was approaching zero degrees, but I took off my coat, only wearing the Ming Chinese style custome, hoping to get some pretty images in such a traditional environment.

Nancy in snow flurries. Oops, one of my straps was loose and I didn’t notice…. Photo by Wei wei

I should have worn a wig with Ming Chinese hairstyle, and minded my loosened straps Lol. However, I just hated artificial elements and decided to show up with my original short hair. Anyway, I wasn’t cosplaying any Ming dynasty girls, but expressing my true self in front of camera.

I’m pretty sure that I wasn’t wearing it correctly, so I find some pictures of Chinese soap operas with Ming dynasty setting.

Recently, some South Korean friends believed that Chinese drama and game character designers have plagiarized their traditional culture by letting them wear Ming style dresses, because some South Koreans found those dresses very similar to hanbok. Well, it is true that two kinds of dresses are similar to some extent, and that’s partly because the heavy cultural influence of Ming empire around the Korean peninsular at ancient times. While Ming dynasty collapsed and Qing dynasty started, Han Chinese were forced to shave their heads and keep a long braid, and dress like the Manchurians; meanwhile, the Joseon Koreans didn’t experience regime change and kept on their old dressing styles, which was in fact influenced by Ming Chinese historically. For my South Korean friends, there’s no point asserting the Chinese were plagiarizing without looking back to distant history. For my Chinese friends, it’s also wrong to mock at others’ misunderstanding, but try to promote our own cultural industry, improve understanding on both sides, and realize how we have been connected since early history.

Nancy in the snow (urh my strap and messy makeup…) photo by Wei wei

Wei wei took a series of portraits for me, ranging from close shots and long shots, where I sat, squatted, stood, touched my face, my neck, reached out my hands…LoL just found it hard to find the satisfactory pose. My face turned from pale to red, and my hair got wet in the end. This dynamic was interesting, but with costs: My body was freezing cold!

I was so excited at the spot that I forgot the cold. As a person growing up in Southern China (next to Hong Kong), I have rarely seen snowy days. However, at that moment, I witnessed the first snow flurries in Beijing at such a historically profound site! This was once in a lifetime, and I had to make full use of it, so I went all out. Even days later, I still remember the trembling wet cold in my legs, and also the burning desire to make my unforgettable picture.

My hands and faces were so red, and my hair got wet. I really enjoy wet hair style, it’s just so cool!

When we left the hall of Martial Valor, we headed to the Hall of Supreme harmony, the highest-rank palace in Gugong. Right, it was in the middle of central axis, but we want to see what it was like in the snow.

The Gate of Supreme Harmony seen from the ladders of Hall of Supreme Harmony. The weather was really gloomy, all my other photos were given more exposure in post-production. Photo by Nancy

It’s truly hard for me to shoot the Hall of Supreme Harmony without a wide-angle. So I turned to other palace buildings. It’s just interesting to see palace gates behind gates, the enormous effort of ancient Chinese to inspire awe and the sense of utmost authority. The fragile layers of snow on the rooftops add delicacy to solemnity, making the Forbidden City a palace in my dreams. I often got this feeling that Gugong is an enormous corpse in Chinese history, it was heavy, corrupted, evil and complicated…but no doubt it obsessed the viewer with its astounding beauty. I felt proud and sad at the same time.

Just let this beautiful corpse of Chinese history speak to the viewers, and let them contemplate our heavy past.

Wei wei at a corner of Hall of Supreme Harmony, by the jade rails. photo by Nancy

We went to have lunch after that. Honestly, I regret that decision. The snow only got on for 3 hours, so after lunch, snow flurries were no where to be seen.

We headed off to Garden of Compassion and Tranquility. It’s the place where the wives of the emperor’s dead father (former emperor) entertained themselves. Those women were not as old as you may imagine. The prestigious mother of the first Qing emperor (Shunzhi), Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, became a widow in 32. She spent the rest of her life quietly with her son and other women, unable to step out from the Forbidden City, let alone having a new relationship. This boring but tranquil life was the best fate for emperor’s women, if not get killed in rival of power and security.

A crow on the rooftop outside the walls of Garden of Compassion and Tranquility. Photo by Nancy.

I couldn’t take any more photos with a dirty lens, and my interest of photographing waned as I realized there weren’t snow flurries any more. Trembling in the freeze, I decided to leave with my friend.

Will meet Gugong again in late winter, or early spring next year. I always have something to explore there.

Goodbye!

只有开挂才能发展的发展中国家:东北亚和东南亚的巡游

这本书出版于2013年,是当年FT的best business book of the year。作者剑桥大学PhD,写了不少宏观层面上谈论发展的书,这本书同样。涉及的国家分为两组:North-east Asia(日本,南韩,台湾,中国大陆,越南几乎没有着墨但似乎也归为这组)South-east Asia(菲律宾,印度尼西亚,马来西亚,泰国)。这个划分标准并不是地理位置(只是恰好两组国家分别偏北偏南),而是政府采取的政策和经济发展成果。作者把东北亚视为成功案例(当然也存在漏洞),东南亚作为失败案例,进行比较分析。

先谈谈我的总体感觉。这本书写得比较生动,也很简单通俗,提到的主要经济学理论就是汉密尔顿和李斯特的幼稚产业保护理论,然后把效率至上的新古典经济学讽刺了一通。在阅读东北亚部分的时候有一点屌丝逆袭的爽感,阅读东南亚部分的时候只有深深的无力感,好像身体被热带的瓢泼大雨淹没失去了挣扎躲避的意愿。很早的时候看过一些名嘴说这个世界上只有新教文明和儒家文明下的国家能成功地实现工业化,说east Asians 天生是 good capitalists,当时还信以为然,深感自己国家文化的优越性…但其实根本没有糟糕或优越的国民和文化,只有能不能正确引导国民激励的政府。合上书本,整个人感觉更悲观:东北亚国家几十年甚至百年前的发展经验直到今天还是非常relevant(不少亚非国家感觉就是落后我们好几十年),但它们成功的道路已经很难复制。没有好的政府和制度,善良的经济学家和NGO们在并不关键的地方缝缝补补也很难跨越这发展的鸿沟…作者在努力强调着只有“开挂”才能发展的历史经验,那些道貌岸然的成功国家也应该承认这一点,让多灾多难的亚非拉国家能够真的站起来。

这本书主要从土地改革,工业发展,金融管制来描述“开挂”的内容,将东北亚和东南亚进行对比,并且穿插了不少有意思的历史细节(感觉自己游亚洲的时候又增加了几个必须观光的点hhh)。在书本的最后还专门对中国的经济发展用一章来描述。

1. 土地改革

在工业化开始之前,东亚人口数量众多而且绝大多数从事劳动密集型的农业(日本1868明治維新前有3/4的农业人口,而欧美有35%以上的城镇人口),农业问题显得尤其重要,而粮食产量停滞。这是因为土地所有权极度不平等,大部分农业人口以佃农身份租种地主的土地,在高昂的地租和负债面前无法对土地进行适当投资提高产量,而地主本身也没有土地产量最大化的激励。土地改革后,小规模农业使产量大幅提升,劳动力要素得到了充分利用,产生的富余为日后工业发展提供了资源与需求,减少了农业进口从而将外汇用于更关键的技术上。此外,拥有土地也给在外务工人员提供了生活保障,也大大提高了社会流动性(东北亚国家未来的工业巨头都是出身农户)。

最开始进行现代土地改革的是明治日本。明治政府把土地所有权从大名分发到小农手下,农民以现金形式交了税后其余的收成都可以留给自己或进行买卖。然而这次土改并不够平等,金融支持也不到位,最终导致农民负债高企土地兼并严重,佃农比例从明治初期的20%上升到二战前的70%。二战结束以后,盟军最高统帅(SCAP)General MacArthur在Ladejinsky的建议下,于日本重新进行土地改革,目的是摧毁当地的共产主义支持力量。美国华府的思维比较保守,东北亚国家能够实现激进的土地改革其实受Ladejinsky影响比较大。作为俄裔美国人(他后来也因为这个身份在冷战时期去职),他很清楚共产党关键是靠土地改革上台,所以他在东北亚地区积极推进土改,包括说服了蒋介石在台湾进行土地改革。在北朝鲜土改后,南韩积攒了不少民怨,美方开始要求李承晚政府推进土改,然而李承晚政府不太作为,朝鲜战争爆发以后他们才在美方的催促下完成了比较激进的土地改革。除了社会主义中国是以暴力形式主动推行土地改革以外(不过家庭农业很快被迫改造为效率低下的集体农业),东北亚的国家都是在美国对抗共产主义战略的影响下完成了高质量的土改。

然而,远在太平洋另一端的华府对土地改革本身其实并不感冒,在没有个别精英人物的坚持建议下,他们在其他盟友国家不会推行这种社会主义风格的激进措施。在历史的机缘巧合下,东南亚国家失去了土地改革的外在助力。这些地方也爆发过一些农民革命抗议,要求土地重新分配,最后政府与之妥协的结果就是一些旷日持久,细节繁琐也名存实亡的土地改革方案(e.g.菲律宾的Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law,它只使得4%的土地重新得到分配,却成功抹杀了农民革命的热情)。这些失败的土地改革总是涉及地主、腐败的政府官员在中间调度,而不是像日韩那样设立佃农委员会接管相关事宜,佃农利益得不到保障;农民得到土地后,政府也没有提供灌溉系统、耕牛和农具等基础设施支持(agricultural extension),农民无法独立耕种获得收益,最后又不得不卖掉土地重新沦为佃农。东南亚国家的农业政策在独立后保留了强烈的殖民地色彩:过度强调给消费者提供廉价食物,而不是提高农民劳动的价格;将城市的精英人口放在第一位,忽略农民的福利(urban bias)。即便东南亚国家的农业禀赋远远好于东北亚,他们的生产效率也远低于后者。

最后,作者指出日韩在实行土地改革,农业保护几十年后的今天,他们也面临着不一样的困境。在美国发展历史中,乡村劳动力逐步迁移到工业和服务业,农业生产也从劳动密集的种植园形式转变为大规模机械化的生产形式,强调的重点从产量转移到利润。然而日韩国家却对自己的小规模农业提供了高昂的补贴和保护政策,将农村和城市收入差距维持在一个较低的水平。这样的结果就是农产品价格高企,损害了消费者利益(在日本买一个苹果需要5USD)。当然,这都是发展之后的问题了。

2. 工业发展

工业发展主要依托于机器,而且工业产品也比服务要方便出口,使穷国积极参与到国际贸易中来。国际贸易使穷国可以学到新的生产技术,为穷国企业提供了一个高度竞争的能力试验场,也为发展中国家提供外汇以维护金融稳定。作者认为,工业尚处于起步阶段的发展中国家需要两个措施:protection & subsidy,export discipline (根据出口的情况pick winners and weed out losers,有效遏制企业rent-seeking)学习他国工业技术是一件风险很高的事情,私企没有这样的激励,需要政府的保护和补贴来吸收这些风险。Protectionism在短期会损害本国消费者利益,引起别国报复,但成功的政策在长期可以使工业经济从低附加值主导的结构转变为高附加值的结构,使得国民整体受益。缺乏有效工业保护措施的印度虽然拥有兴盛的IT服务业,但是只有1%的劳动人口处于这个行业。印度几十年来对于工业政策的忽略使得只有14%的人口从事制造,而这个数字在南韩为30%——只有IT服务而缺乏强大的工业,使得印度不可能出现东北亚的发展奇迹。

西方积极鼓吹的理念就是富裕是公平竞争的结果,但事实上所有经济上位列第一梯队的国家都有贸易保护的原罪。都铎不列颠在16世纪就开始对原材料出口和产成品进口加税,以保护本地的纺织企业;独立后的美利坚北方政府不顾南方的反对,也采取了工业保护政策和高额的关税;统一的德意志在欧洲继续改良、扩大政府干涉主义的工业政策——这深刻影响了明治日本,而由于殖民关系,日本的工业保护政策是后来许多东北亚国家相关政策的原型。明治維新发生在普鲁士统一德意志的三年前。当时的德意志和明治日本有许多相似之处:政治保守、强烈的工业化导向、领土和民族意识。历史学派(Historical School)主导了当时的德国政治经济学术圈,他们摒弃时下流行的亚当斯密、大卫李嘉图的自由市场经济模式(李斯特认为英国pro-free market是它取得技术领先地位后的投机行为),而是从英国发展的历史中找到适合自己发展阶段的模式。Friedrich List坚持认为只有通过保护政策使得弱国的工业制造能力上去之后,才可以追求自由贸易。这对日本当政者的吸引力是巨大的,伊藤博文就在柏林会见了俾斯麦,明治政府中许多高级官员都有在德意志学习交流的经历。日本在发展过程中也被要求签署知识产权协议,但日本人都是阳奉阴违,想尽办法抄袭强国的知识技术。

国内的大企业总是倾向于获得基建等政府特许经营项目、上游的、国内市场导向的制造商机,这使得他们能轻易取得本土市场的高定价权,从而省去在国际市场竞争的辛劳。日本经济在二战前也面对着財閥(三菱、三井、住友、安田)的问题,下游制造商收益微薄,抗风险能力差。在1920年经济衰退后,日本政府不得不设计一个补贴大企业出口的制度,迫使其行为与国家发展利益一致。在南韩的朴正熙时代,对大企业的管控之严更是惊人的。朴正熙此人,是个狼人…他意志坚定的独裁强人形象在这本书中非常深刻。在1961年通过政变上台的朴将军,曾经效忠于日本天皇,残酷镇压中朝的抗日力量。这段“韩奸”经历让他目睹了日本的工业化实力,使他在上台后以德日的经验发展南韩。他甚至将首尔西大门的日治时期监狱改造为关押商人的地方,强迫他们签署“将所有财产效忠于国家建设”的协议。

南韩很好地发挥了export discipline的作用:在汽车制造业,政府补贴了十几个私人企业,三十年间根据出口情况不断地优胜劣汰,只剩下了一个世界闻名的现代-起亚汽车集团。而失败的东南亚国家从一开始就在一个汽车制造领域培养一个国有企业,严重缺乏竞争。而且它们倾向于与国际知名汽车品牌合资,这样本土工厂只会依赖着别国技术赚钱,却无法把技术内化成自己的形成自主品牌,本土市场也·还是被国际品牌占领。南韩完整的工业产业链使得他们诸如汽车的终端消费品在汽车市场上有其他东南亚国家无法比拟的竞争力,毕竟后者的零配件都要依赖进口。朴正熙用日本人战争赔款的钱在浦项建立了POSCO(浦项制铁公司),以期作为现代工业原料的钢铁能够自给自足。当时的南韩工人们都抱着宁愿死去也不要浪费日本战争赔款的心态,努力进行钢铁生产,POSCO也成长为世上最优质的钢铁公司之一。此外,南韩在学习他国技术的时候有着特别的审慎。现代汽车的关键技术来自日本三菱,由于二者将来存在竞争关系,现代同时雇佣了英国的汽车制造商,并从各国厂商的不同的观点中进行比较;专家们提出的每个新应用他们都要彻底弄懂了才会实行。而马来西亚的Mahathir在制铁的时候偏听了日本制铁的方案,这个方案失败阻碍了马来的工业发展,却让日本积累了相关的制铁经验。当南韩在一次次金融危机中坚定不移地向学习曲线的高处前进(政府给汽车制造商提供了30年的良好保护),东南亚国家却只能在危机之后砍去补贴。

日韩的工业保护不无副作用。过于强调大规模制造工业使得日本的服务业和IT行业发展相对落后。日本的大制造商和韩国的财阀利用自己的规模挤压小厂商的利润空间或者将其吞并……在这些计划妥当,大企业为王的社会里,我们也很难看到辍学生在自家车库里创办网络公司的新行业萌芽。

3. 金融管制

金融政策可以为农业和工业发展提供支持,减小相关产业的借贷利率,储蓄的回报率也相应降低。这相当于在储蓄端施加了税负,为的是长久的经济繁荣。相反地,缺乏工业导向的自由放任金融政策会使得资金流向高利润的房地产业和消费信贷,虽然有高回报率却不利于国家技术积累,所以我们看到贫穷的东南亚国家反而有最富有的银行。在1970年布雷顿森林体系瓦解之后,国际资本流动加强,发展中国家有更多借贷空间的同时也面临着国际投机资本的挑战。1980年代IMF,世界银行和美国政府积极向发展中国家推进华盛顿共识,主张放松金融管制可以让落后经济体回到正轨,于是许多国家将银行私有化,给大量新银行发放牌照,对国际资本流动采取放任态度。东南亚国家积极响应了这种要求,而过早的金融放松在1997年成为这些国家的灾难。日韩台则在很长的时间内抵制国际上资本自由流动的要求,积极发挥国有银行在调控发展中的作用,在农业和工业目标基本达成之后才逐渐金融自由化。

明治维新初期,日本无法从欧洲得到金融政策上的经验,国内大量的小型私人银行被商业集团控制。在经历一系列银行挤兑后,日本政府强制小银行们合并,却方便了四大财阀控制银行信贷。二战结束后SCAP对日本金融体系进行了重大改革:通产省为银行系统提供指导而且控制外汇,银行所有权进一步多样化,使得通产省对金融系统有绝对主导权。同时银行可以有不高于10%的股权来自个体公司,使得银行与这些公司有紧密的联系(“主银行制”),银行也会基于出口等基准对贷款进行再贴现(rediscounting)。1960-1970日本企业40-50%的融资依赖于银行,这使得通产省主导下的银行体系可以积极引导本土企业工业发展。1970年中期之后,日本逐渐放松金融管制,企业可以更多地从资本和债券市场融资,银行也更多地把资金流向房地产和消费信贷。1980年日本取消了国际资本控制,1985年在美国的压力下日元迅速升值,日本政府为了缓解日元升值的出口压力采取了降息政策——这极大刺激了消费信贷,房价迅速上涨的同时,股票市场也迎来了大牛市。金融资产繁荣让日本人論盛行(某种大和民族的例外论),然而1989-90年资产泡沫破裂让日本人不得不面对失去的十年:股市下跌了75%,大量银行与证券公司倒闭,消费紧缩。

日本以再贴现的方式实现金融支持工业,在与南韩的比较下已经属于保守。对于南韩政府扶持的项目,再贴现是没有限制的,企业可以拿到任意金额的贷款。然而,这种大笔的再贴现没有给南韩造成危险的高通胀(1960-1980间年均通胀15-20%),出口增长也比通胀长得更快。银行的储蓄回报极低,很多储蓄流向了高利率的场外市场(kerb market)。那里也成为了无法从正规渠道获批贷款的企业资金源。南韩在1980代开始大规模使用国际贷款在本土进行投资,1985年南韩已经是继巴西之后国际负债最高的国家,然而这并不构成严重的风险:发达的出口使得负债与外汇比例一直处在安全的区间。南韩金融政策成功的前提是政府能够控制财阀,然而随着财阀的增长,政府和银行逐渐失去了主导力量。在全斗焕政府的1980代,IMF,世行,以及在美国接受训练的南韩经济学家主张一改之前的保护政策,采取金融管制放松,以此达到削弱财阀力量的目的。银行被私有化,企业也可以在资本市场上市,许多没有银行牌照的高利率储蓄机构(前身是kerb market)也得到了宽松的生长环境……结果却是财阀们加强了对大企业的掌控,政府不再有影响大企业的能力。与日韩相比,台湾的金融政策对工业的帮助则非常有限(他们的工业政策也是绝对偏向保护国企,没有给本土企业施加很好的export discipline,大部分制造业只是供给大型跨国品牌),这使得大量企业没钱完成科技积累的初始投资。台湾政府做的一件我们很熟悉的事情就是贬值台币:政府积累了大量的外汇,将台币维持在一个很低的价格,这确保他们在全球价值链中低端的制造工作不会外移。真是让人有点哭笑不得。

对于东南亚国家,农业和工业政策的失败还不足以致命,过早的金融自由化才将他们卷入危机。这些东南亚国家银行被腐败的政府和政治关联企业所控制(crony capitalism 南韩也有这样的问题,但是南韩贯彻了export discipline),希望通过进一步市场化和金融管制放松来破局,结果加速了它们的奔溃。此外,马来西亚Mahathir政府的金融政策(包括工业政策,出口企业的决策者都是原住民族)还有强烈的affirmative action色彩,最有效率的企业没有得到最好的资源。当东北亚国家在努力把资金引导向工业,东南亚国家引来了房地产热潮。大企业热衷于在新兴的资本市场取得资金,因为无法施加shareholder discipline的小股东们比银行家好对付多了。泰国的资产泡沫破灭后,经常账户亏损严重,泰铢空头压力骤增,而泰国的外汇又不足以维持稳定汇率,于是1997年7月2号宣告了亚洲金融危机的开始。IMF根据1980年的拉美经验在泰国错误要求了一系列紧缩消费,控制通胀的措施,泰国经济遭遇重创。

4. 中国的发展之路

中国经济在1978年之前深受CPC的两大谬论之苦:农业只有在成规模之后才有效率,这导致了50年代的农业集体主义;工业可以在没有贸易的条件下,闭关自守地发展。邓小平时代,CPC破除了这两大谬论:家庭农业生产模式得到了恢复,并且中国参与到世界贸易中来。

中国的农业基本实现了自给自足,哪怕在WTO的要求下降低了农业进口限制,进口粮食比例也很低。然而,中国政府没有像日韩台那样注重农村城镇收入的平等,直到今天,农村人口的人均收入低于城镇人口的1/3。2006年,地方政府被禁止向农民收税,巨大的补贴被提供给农产品投入和粮食收购,即便如此,不平等的状况也没有显著改善。一个值得关注的现实是,中国农民并不拥有土地。日韩台的农民还可以将土地出售给私人买家,而中国农民只能在土地被政府征收以后获得一份微薄的补偿。这种对农民的剥削行为的一个源头在于中央政府没有平衡好给地方政府的资金预算以及它们社会福利服务的责任:地方失去了农民税收的收入,却没有从中央得到更多资金,于是地方政府只能从表外地方国业借钱,而当这些表外企业资金不够的时候,它们只能出售从农民那里征收的土地。

与导致大量内幕交易的前苏联休克疗法不同,80年代中国的城市工业经历了渐进式的改革,被学界称为”reform without losers”。到90年代,许多小型、下游的国企遭遇私企和强势的外企竞争,损失惨重。中国作为西方的对立阵营,需要以更多的本土市场来交换西方市场,而中国领导人更愿意牺牲本土消费品市场来保护更有战略价值的重工业。1993年,朱镕基开启了国有企业改革(rationalization program),以缩减地方预算的方式要求地方政府出售或关闭亏损的企业,导致95-04年大量国企工人下岗。这个政策被称为”grasp the large, let go the small”。在剩下的大型国企中,仍然保留了一定程度的竞争:在油、汽,电,通讯和银行等上游的关键领域,有多个寡头需要抢占市场份额。朱镕基在2003年建立了 国务院国有资产监督管理委员会(国资委 SASAC),有196个大型国有集团受其管控。国资委的职权是合并或关闭表现不佳的企业,促成有规模经济、具有国际竞争力的大企业,经理人的表现也在各个维度上被国资委打分。政府牢牢把控了上游关键领域,而且还使它们产生了良好收益,这为下游的经济控制了投入品价格,而且可以很好地缓解国际生产原料的价格冲击。为了解决大国企处于自身利益违抗政府管制的问题,政府对这些寡头企业设置了人事调整,即经理人在不同企业轮流上任。

国家发展改革委员会(发改委 NDRC)会做许多研究来培养有竞争力的国营领域。如NDRC向政府提出发展绿色能源科技的要求,并且将大部分补贴政策都用于研发成熟且成本较低的风力发电机(而不是高成本的,美国占优的太阳能电池板)。在金融方面,国家开发银行(CDB)很好地贯彻了export discipline。CDB是朱镕基设立地“政策性银行”之一。政策性银行是根据农业和工业政策来发放贷款的银行,早年支持了许多本土大型基建项目和中游制造企业,后来资助了大量我国在亚非拉和俄罗斯基建项目。华为和中兴都接受了CDB的大量贷款,而华为接受的贷款是所有中国企业中最高的。作者判断华为的技术挑战就是能否成为下一代通信技术的规则制定者,从而锁定更高的利润,这正是当下5G背景下华为的发展方向,也是深受地缘政治所困的痛点。

总体而言,中国经济中的国企表现更好,而集中在下游的民营企业得到了较少的政策支持,这让他们缺乏抵达国际技术前沿的资源。王传福的BYD为了和合资车企竞争,将价格设置到几乎没有利润的最低程度,然而BYD没有掌握汽车制造的每个环节,最有附加值的部分都靠外国进口。在BYD的失败中,政府也没有提供足够的补贴。这和台湾KMT政府在工业政策上过于偏袒国营企业导致的症状是类似的。私企也可以从中国的资本市场融资,但是资本市场的短期逐利性导致它很难提供政府那种长期稳定的支持。

中国的工业发展模式不无缺点。中国产业政策下的国营企业成功没有扩展到中游以下,更多是B2B层面的成功。这些公有企业缺乏在消费者市场中必需的敏锐和灵活,作为例子可以看到中国的汽车本土品牌不太成功,而中外合作企业仰赖着国外科技抢占了绝大部分市场,呈现出和马来西亚一样的症状。另外一个问题是,中上游产品的国际贸易受他国政府采购和许可影响,所以相关企业很容易与西方的黑名单国家产生关联,然后以国家安全的名义被西方国家拒绝(如华为);此外,相对于消费终端用品,西方国家政府也更容易设置贸易壁垒。

中国的金融体系处于政府的控制之下:占主导的国有银行使政府控制了借贷;国际资本管制让政府可以控制外来资本的流动。为了维持这种pro-development的金融系统,政府给商业银行设置了最低借贷利率和最高储蓄利率,这确保了商业银行的利润,而商业银行通过持有债券的方式给政策性银行注入资金。与此同时,中国的富裕阶层正在国有银行之外寻求更高的回报,商业银行为了留住这些客户运行资产管理基金,“影子银行”悄然壮大(这和日韩的kerb market是类似的)。金融危机后,银行大量的资金流向了地方政府的基建项目中,再加上抵押率降低、影子银行的投资也使得房地产市场一片繁荣。为了控制住房地产泡沫,中国政府在09年末,经济从出口冲击中恢复后采取了一系列措施。中国的公共债务在危机之后也占了80%的GDP,但这些债都不是外债,且政府也有不少可直接变卖的资产。

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最后,回顾东北亚的发展历史,光是鼓吹效率的市场经济是无法让穷国发展起来的。而当代IMF,世行和美国政府的主导地位导致穷国不得不撒谎,“开挂”。作者最后还提到经济发展无法定义社会发展,社会发展的问题不能通过一个Asian value的概念被人们打发掉:自由和人权是人类共同追求的,制度的落后不能被种族例外主义掩盖。这本书与西方主流经济思想进行对抗,以客观的,尊重历史的笔调呈现自己的观点,希望西方能够正视“开挂”。只是在谈论”开挂“取得经济成功时,感觉有很多内生性的问题:既然从日韩的经验发现了”开挂“的重要性,是什么更深层次的问题阻止了东南亚国家“开挂”,而东北亚国家又可以顺利“开挂”?腐败的后殖民时代政府到底出现了什么样的问题,让他们无法正确“开挂”?这都是没有进行系统探讨的。

越受污染之苦的人越反对环保?一次共情的社会学思考

接触到这本书是在油管上听一个现代政治公开课,教授提到了Strangers in Their Own Land, 它描绘了右派川普支持者的心理。抱着对美国政治生态的兴趣我便找到了原著,两天就全部啃完了。作为一个Econ student,我头一次接触这种政治社会学调查作品,对这位教授层层展开的思考,客观冷静中又透露出共情与悲悯的笔触,非常着迷。

作者Hochschild是UCBerkley社会学教授,Liberal白人女性。访谈了60人,主要集中在路易斯安那州的茶党,一群近几年非常活跃的、想要瓦解联邦政府的极右派,川普支持者。美国红州主要分布在南方,而Louisana又是其中非常具有代表性的一个。北方民主党人总是轻蔑地把南方人视为ignorant, backward, redneck,losers…而Louisana是全美第二贫穷的州,其大学受教育比率也远低于北方州,同时是全美受污染最严重的州之一,居民平均预期寿命比北方低5岁,也出现了癌症村。令人感到矛盾的是,Louisianans普遍憎恶environmentalists, 反对联邦政府的环保法案并且要求撤销Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)。在环境领域之外,大多数以小厂商谋生的Louisianans反对向富人征收高税,这种主张显然有利于垄断大厂而不利于自己的营生。受调查者令人倍感矛盾的观念,被作者称之为great paradox。

关于这种great paradox,已有文献中有这样的解释:中下层白人被富有的top 1%以捆绑在一起的其他社会议题所蒙蔽(如禁止堕胎、持有枪支),赞成了不利于自身的议题(减税从而使得财富进一步集中)。但显然这些人并没有那么迷糊,他们也没有必要容忍不利于他们的议题,一定有其他的因素。还有人论述2008年金融危机之后政府对华尔街的bail out进一步恶化了平民对政府不公的认知,黑人奥巴马的rise to presidency 以及fox news也在其中发挥着作用…这些简单而抽象的论述,仍然没有触碰到极右翼内心深处的故事与逻辑。为了解决关于极右翼的疑问,Hochschild教授想要get out of her own political bubble and climb over the empathy wall, 试着用大脑和心灵去感受相关人士的处境,带领着读者走近普通的茶党人,虔诚的天主教徒,拥抱石油企业投资的市长,州立大学教授…真相越来越清晰与复杂,而读者的轻蔑和不解也慢慢地变成悲悯、忧郁,又变为真挚的祝福。

如果抛开本书中令人动容,有血有肉的个体人生细节,极端右翼(typically blue collar 老白男,不过作者的样本中也有一半老白女)的困境背景可以勾勒如下。

人类今天所有的困难都和历史有关,在1860南北战争以前的美国南方,中下层白人就处于夹缝中求生存的状态。他们目睹了黑奴悲惨的境遇,无比确认自己在社会结构里的中层位置,又把艳羡的目光投向富裕的种植园主——他们似乎在排队,期望自己能够通过努力排到队伍的前面去。然而种植园主吞没了所有肥沃的土地,中下层白人又无法成为像黑奴一样的劳动力…并非社会底层的他们实际上是被边缘化的人群,一直贫穷、缺乏教育。在历史上,南方就是缺少政府的,当地缺少大学、图书馆、公园这样的公共服务。南北战争之后建立的政府,也被视为北方人来统治南方人的工具。

进入20世纪发现石油以后,美国南部耻辱的棉花(种植园)经济被令人感到自豪的石油经济所取代,大量的投资、利润、随之而来的就业机会,让信新教的南部平民找到了宝贵的荣誉感。1950年前出生的人收入会自然地随着工作年限增长,然而随着自动化及外包的出现,努力工作的人们却遭遇了收入增长近乎停滞,甚至是向下的社会流动。 与此同时,美国六七十年代北方发起的一系列社会运动让他们再次感受到边缘化:黑人、女人、美国原住民、拉丁裔工人、LGBT…这些身份标签可以一下子博得社会的同情,并且从偏袒的政府那里轻易得到如affirmative action这样的利好。但是中下层白人不甘心,内心的荣誉感告诉他们,美国的伟大繁荣是建立在他们为追寻美国梦所付出的艰苦努力之上,他们的蛋糕不该这么简单地分给“从队伍后面插进来的人”。他们为了维护自己的美国梦进行不懈反抗,却被民主党说成racist,sexist,chauvinistic…自认尊重黑人与女性的他们便更加厌恶北方人所谓的Political Correctness. 他们祖祖辈辈都在为了更好的生活诚实奋斗、与家人社区朋友和睦友善、信仰基督、坚强地忍受着经济发展所带来的痛苦(诸如pollution、石油泄漏等环境事故),却被一群无家庭观念及无神论的年轻人谩骂得如此不堪。他们也需要在这片Liberal的围剿中找回自己的身份认同感。

南方右翼的政见往往受三方面因素驱动:宗教信仰、纳税、荣誉感。

南方的教堂密度大概是北方的两倍以上,许多公共设施(如健身房)和public services(如lakeside summer camps和教会大学)都是出自教堂。教堂提供的服务似乎某种程度上弥补了政府在南方的缺失,而这种缺失也是南方人自己要求的结果,教堂在生活中占的比例越大,南方人越不需要政府,政府也更小更无能,从而进一步强化南方人对教堂的依赖。他们乐意向教堂缴纳什一税(tithe,为个人收入的十分之一),以此为荣。然而教堂提供的公共服务十分有限,而且存在不公平:白人为主的教堂比黑人为主的教堂更为富裕。即便如此,教堂获得了南部人民最高的信任。在教堂里,你的亲朋好友左邻右舍相聚一起,在基督的引导上获得情绪的宣泄,精神的救赎,给予你力量endure生活中的痛苦(endurance是南部人民重要的精神内核,市场经济下的贫穷与污染在他们看来都是可以endure的),继续艰苦的工作。他们非常信任教堂里温馨的community(有点熟人社会的味道),对遥远的、没有艰苦劳动就拿人税收的政府工作人员嗤之以鼻,也不关心他们口中的环境保护、income redistribution…这些道德旗帜都不过是他们进一步扩张的幌子。他们最关心的,是末日审判到来之时,整个人类世界被洪水与海啸淹没,他们的灵魂能够上升到美丽的天堂(这也是为什么相较于身边的环境问题,他们更关心禁止堕胎)。

南部人民非常反对纳税。如上所述,They trust their income with the church instead of the government,除了深刻的历史原因以及政府给人腐败低效的印象之外,政府救济穷人、发放社会福利的行为本身就让他们不悦。这不是因为南部右翼都是自私的人,相反,这些虔诚的基督教徒很善良,愿意为身边困难的人伸出援助之手,但他们反对政府来替他们决定,哪些人应该被同情,哪些人的生活需要用他们的血汗钱来兜底。在他们的道德观念中,唯有辛勤工作、忍受过困苦才能获得收入,他们也以hardworking为荣。他们似乎从来没有想过厄运降临在自己身上,自己成为社会底层需要被政府兜底的可能性,他们也坚决否定自己是任何意义上的victim。这与他们强烈的荣誉感有关。

市场经济给他们带来了荣誉感,大家都是他的忠实拥趸。一些人相信市场经济给了辛勤工作者良好的激励机制,另一些人带着牛仔文化色彩,崇拜着millionaire,并且愿意为更好的收入水平冒风险,哪怕这个风险带来了污染和癌症,而这个风险可以轻易地在政府的regulation下规避。石油经济便是他们自豪的来源,所以他们容忍了自己的湖泊沼泽牺牲成一片毒水,容忍了自己所处的土地之下掩埋了巨量的化学废物…他们也会为环境事故感到不安和愤怒,可是在新的投资、就业机会面前,南方人民产生了一种结构性失忆(structural amnesia)。这种失忆症只会让人的观念顺从有权力的那一方,富有的石油和化学企业把公众想象都引至了经济前景,而那些破败的环境问题逐渐被人忽略遗忘。

南部人民的观念,显然由社会环境中的几个力量影响、塑造:能源工业、州政府、教堂和传媒(对,说的就是你Fox News)。我想再简单记录一下能源工业和州政府在极右翼的困境中扮演的角色。

作者找到了一份30年前咨询给能源企业写的报告,题为“Political Difficulties Facing Waste-to-Energy Conversion Plant Siting”,这份报告很有意思地为环境污染企业提供了locally undesirable land use的选址策略。基于访谈和调查问卷,报告描绘出了least resistant personality profile: 南部和中西部的长期住民,最高学历为高中,基督教徒,自由市场信徒,共和党…Hochschild教授的右派受访者几乎全部躺枪,简直有一种阴谋论的味道。可以说Louisiana这个州无论从地理资源还是社会文化都非常适合能源工业发展。能源工业确实带来了大量的资金,让州民找到荣誉感,但它带来的利好其实有限:能源工业在当地的政策下只交很少的税,而且只贡献了当地15%的就业。石油企业需要的高技术工人和专家都是从北方带来的,而且对于manual labor他们会雇佣菲律宾的廉价工人。能源工业更多是把Louisiana视为pollution haven,使用它的土地,更方便地排污。与此同时,石油工业的到来抹杀了水产品和旅游工业的空间,减税也导致公共服务行业(医生教师)的缩减,使得能源企业在当地的显著性进一步提高。为了增强当地人民对石油工业的认同感并缓和环境上的矛盾,企业会给钱支持当地极度缺乏的公共服务。

州政府没有从能源工业中得到多少税收,还在不停地让利以吸引大型石油企业进驻,这导致当地缺少根本的公共服务,如医疗和教育。在竞选活动中,没有候选人会提环境问题,基本上都是围绕反对环境规制,减少政府干预。州长认为Oil = Job,人们似乎不得不从生态与就业中二选一,而大家会坚定地选择就业。所有人都很相信州政府的叙事,将军Honere说”People are captives of a psychological program”…”the companies put the state government in their pockets, and people pay the price” 这种对能源工业的宽容,对job的坚持似乎超越了根本的健康安全:当地曾发生过一起严重的石油泄漏,出于安全顾虑奥巴马总统下令石油开采暂停6个月,大部分人都表示反对。出于对市场经济的信仰和荣誉感,当地人并不怪罪石油能源公司,还认为他们已经做到了最好来防止事故发生。他们不关注并且默许了能源公司一系列高风险的操作,表示自己不想get alarmed…这种态度也反映到州政府在各种环境事故的不作为上。读者不由得联想到今年新冠美国红州的消极抗疫,其背后的逻辑也是一样的。

这本书提到了两种政府的经济增长策略(由社会学家Caroline和Michael提出)。一种是在Louisiana体现出来的”low road” strategy,主要靠禁止工会、低人力、低税率、宽松监管来吸引传统行业的企业进入,我们却在Louisiana看到了糟糕的公共服务,持续的社会流动性向下;另一种被称为”high road” strategy,主要靠优秀的公共服务,如大学和研究机构,来刺激新的行业、新工作的诞生,正如民主党在加州硅谷和华州西雅图所做的一样。对比之下,会觉得南方红州选择了不明智的发展模式。然而回顾历史,自1860年南方便缺少人力资本,技术资源,人们缺乏好政府的同时还在进一步瓦解政府。相对北方,他们一开始就没有走“high road” strategy的条件。而美国作为一个国家整体,也从南方这种代价惨重的发展模式中得利:所有人都享受到了红州充沛的石油能源,塑料和化工制品。红州的人们,即便他们不这样看,确实是这一繁荣生活的牺牲者。然而,处于the other end of the empathy wall,我们觉得他们的生活本可以不那么痛苦,given a good government.

直到现在,great paradox的答案已经变得清晰许多了,也复杂了许多。当蓝州的人们关注着private sector的问题以及99%与top 1%的贫富不均,红州的人们关注着public sector的问题以及中下层与底层的矛盾。其实两边大部分人都是生活不易、心地善良的平民,都向往着更公平富裕的社会。无端的谩骂和攻击,进一步的撕裂没有任何建设性意义,而应该努力地跨过empathy wall促进理解与合作。作为一个充满务实精神的中国人,我会把经济视为核心问题,觉得两边的平民应该团结起来向资本和政府施压,要求大企业更负责任并防止垄断,精简政府又在该作为处作为…但两边的人们怎么会轻易地set aside differences,停止类似racist,sexist,homophobia,ignorant这样的言论呢?在我看来他们只是在媒体和其他力量的操控下,浪费精力互相攻击,但当事人不会这么认为。右翼的困境似乎无解,但和其他的观察者一样,我把希望寄托在open-minded的年轻人身上。

这个读书笔记虽然写得很长,但写得并不透彻,只是我读完一遍后的印象。作者主要通过抽样访谈,用了较少的数据分析来解释Tea Party兴起以及Great Paradox的现象,但已经非常informative,比起已有的研究也更加深入人心。我觉得这是一个了不起的研究,让我对极右翼的问题有了很大的改观。如果有一天我也能写一本这样的书,大概这辈子也没什么遗憾了(笑)

Rookie Photographer at the Forbidden Palace (Gugong)

View when passing the Meridian Gate (the front gate of the Forbidden Palace) Photograph by Nancy

I am lost for words when it comes to the Forbidden Palace. When I was driving past those highly modernized buildings and then suddenly walking around this ancient place of solemn grandeur, it’s like falling into an incredible fantasy. The whole thing is already 600 years old, but people are still overwhelmed by its formidable scale, stunned by its unparalleled luxury. It’s a symbol for the supreme and highly worshipped power of Chinese emperors, and also a manifestation of how extremely centralized the power of Chinese authorities was throughout the nation’s history. As a Chinese native, I can’t help contemplating our complicated histories while walking amid those grand palaces.

Because of its significance, I have decided to visit the Forbidden Palace at least four times during my stay in Beijing. There are highly anticipated exhibitions in the palace at different times of the year, and that’s partly why the Forbidden Palace is also called the Forbidden City Museum. Besides, I want to take some really good photos for myself and my friends, since the Forbidden Palace is such a heaven for cultural photography and portraits! Last week, as a rookie photographer, I visited the place to take pictures with my friend. I’d like to share my experience and maybe some tips for those who want to get some nice pictures during their first visit to the Forbidden Palace (Gugong for Chinese).

Perhaps the biggest problem haunting the minds of Gugong photographers is the overwhelming amount of tourists, which constantly spoils your picture and restricts your ability to take wide shots (especially the central axis where the grandest palaces locate). To solve this problem, photographers should carefully decide the photography timing and location in order to keep clear of tourists. It’s definitely impossible to take a photo like the following if you don’t choose your timing strategically (the place is swarmed with people!).

in front of Hall of Supreme Harmony Photograph by Mira

Arrive at Gugong as early as you can! The official open time is 8:30 am (entrance: the Meridian Gate), but I think it would be best if you start to wait in queue at early seven — the chances that you are among the first to set foot in the palace will be much higher. My friend Mira and I entered the palace at 8:30. There were already legions of tourists ahead of us LoL, so we had to give up some beautiful scenes like the inner Golden Water Bridge (check the map below).

A Map of Gugong

The advantage of arriving Gugong early is that you can shoot the most splendid part ( lower central axis: from the Meridian Gate to the Hall of Supreme Harmony) without any concern of tourists spoiling your image. If you aren’t able to be the firstcomer, your suboptimal strategy is to arrive at eight or eight-thirty, just like us. We are still able to stay clear of tourists at the lower central axis like the following.

Photograph by Mira.
Photograph by Mira

The trick is that you should first set aside your curiosity to learn about the ancient architecture and quickly move forward. Most tourists hang around the bridge and the Gate of Supreme Harmony, reading the tour guide boards, so there aren’t many tourists at the Hall of Supreme before 8:45am. As the tourists move up the central axis, I think you should quit this part and come back to it later.

Another great timing for the central axis comes at 16:30, approaching the official close time (17:00). It’s a time when the density of tourists is highest in the neighborhood of the imperial garden (close to the upper exit), while lowest at the lower central axis. At that time and location, You may also see some professional photographers shooting fancy pictures for girls dressed up in Chinese traditional costumes. The photo of me I first showed was shot at 16:45. No tourists anymore, only security guards Lol.

Photograph by Mira
Photo by Nancy

I don’t think I should give any recommendations on how to pose before cameras, since I believe your pose conveys your own emotions and thoughts. However, I’d still say that it’s better not to smile happily with such a solemn palace in the background.

For me, the enormous architecture itself has already set the tone for the whole picture. The viewer’s eye would be easily caught by the architecture, and the model’s own expressions should add some flavor to the complex beauty of it, displaying how the palace influences her emotions, instead of highlighting her own original self. One can also show up with a large smile in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, but the photo will only be evidence that the person traveled to the spot.

We spent the earliest period and the latest period photographing in the central axis, for the rest of the time we explored the west palaces (where the female members of the imperial family lived) and the east palaces (where Emperor Qianlong lived after retirement). One tip is that when you are at the resort, don’t sit at the cafe going through your past photos! That’s a great waste of time and we missed the exhibitions for doing that Lol.

seeing from palaces to palaces Photography by Nancy
crow outside of Garden of Compassion and Tranquility. Photograph by Mira

We first went to the west palaces at around 9:00. There aren’t many trees at the west six palaces and the architecture structure is rather simple. Mira and I were fascinated by the fancy doors and gates, where the morning sunshine and shadows added a delicate stroke.

Photograph by Nancy

I really loved this gate and I photoed lots of Mira’s silhouette at the door. This gate is highly symmetric and I think the photos are best when the model is placed right at the middle of the picture.

Photograph by Mira

We also took a lot of satisfactory photos at the following scene, with the model leaning at one side of the door, which is good for asymmetric composition.

Photography by Mira. I’m quite bold to try all kinds of poses Lol.

The morning sunshine puts the finishing touch. Mira looks stunning in the following photo. She wasn’t ready to pose and was running her hands through her hair, but I captured this beautiful moment. Lucky me!

Mira is a very good photographer and a beautiful girl, but she is not sure what to do in front of the camera. Mira tends to smile brightly, but as I said, I want to see how the model interacts with her surroundings, which brings out the mood of the picture. This is what makes the photo unique. That standard smile of tourists kind of nullifies the aesthetic value to place a human being in front of a cultural resort. I also have some standard tourist smile pictures like the following one.

Standard tourist smile

I may look more smiling, peaceful, and demure in the photo, and it looks even nicer after I adjusted the colors, but I can’t say I like it. This shape of human doesn’t have my soul. I was just trying to look friendly and nice in front of the camera. It’s not beautiful to me.

I believe that before shooting portraits, the photographer should first closely observe the model and find the angles from which she’s sure she will get a pretty picture. This kind of pacifies the model’s anxiety and drives her attention from assuring herself looks great in front of the camera to manifesting her natural thoughts and emotions under a particular environment.

Photograph by Mira. I loved this one!
I find it hard to describe my feeling in the Forbidden City

Besides, photographers should not merely focus on the model or the environment but always keep a keen eye on the subtle interactions between them. As for models, I think it’s important to imagine themselves as actresses and actors, or even playwrights and poets…You carefully perceive the surroundings, and you have this strong desire to express yourself or tell a certain story through the photos. Maybe models can act as if the camera wasn’t there, just like actors concentrating on their own business, but once they look into the camera, there’re deep and complex emotions in their eyes.

Wow, what a digression Lol.

Photograph by Nancy. Mira was looking toward the right with a sense of careful and delightful expectation. She got this temperament of a lady from a Chinese noble family.
Photograph by Mira. I loved this facial expression and I didn’t feel ugly even with eyeliners smudged all over my eyes, and my mouth protrudes with braces…I felt contemplating, powerless but also determined.
Photograph by Mira. Mira’s photo composition was perfect! My eyes were a bit shy and vigilant, like being interrupted from contemplation by a call of the photographer.

We also have some more pictures at the east palaces, where Emperor Qianlong lived after retirement. The pictures above were taken there. Obviously, there’re more trees and shades in the east palaces, the architecture structure is more complicated and leaves more room for delicate picture shooting.

Photograph by Mira
I loved this angle chosen by Mira! My eyes weren’t focusing at anywhere, but I felt so immersed in this ancient grandeur.

When we were walking through a shaded corridor, we noticed the elegant patterns on the windows. Sunshine infiltrated through the gap in the wooden windows and made the cool space glowing red. While peeping outside, Mira came up with this brilliant idea to take photos of an outside person from inside the windows.

Photograph by Nancy
Photograph by Mira. We agreed that this was one of the best photos of that day.

Mira was the dominant role in the creation of this photo. I had no idea what I should do when I was modeling there, I just stood there and stared emotionlessly at her large Canon camera, but this turned out to be the best strategy. The patterns of the wooden window at the front had already added complexity to the photo, the model in the photo had better keep her poses simple.

I preferred the photo because it was so different from all the other photos where I played the model. In all the other photos, I played the dominant role by making unique facial expressions and body gestures, or I would pretend to let the background scenery play the dominant role, while I was the one to keep the tone in my ideal way. When people set their eyes on my photos, they would think, the whole photo was about my feelings, or Gugong and my feelings.

Photograph by Mira. This one is also fine with simple poses and complex facial epression, but it isn’t as good as the former one, I explain my reasons.

However, I no longer felt dominant in that photo. It was not about me, it was about Mira. It was about photo viewers who were looking through the red wooden window like Mira did that afternoon. Even when I looked at the photo after a week, I would ask myself: who is this weird young lady? Why is she staring straightly at me? Is she delighted, annoyed, or sad? Would she walk around those windows and get me by the shoulder?

The photo is mysterious. It makes me confused and mildly nervous. As a model, I didn’t do anything to set the tone for the picture, but all the elements crashed together by Mira’s design. The photo is stirring feelings from the viewer, inviting the viewer to set the tone for the photo. Why is that?

It’s the red wooden windows. It’s my straight staring eyes and emotionless face.

The wooden windows strengthened the sense of viewer (Mira)’ s presence. It gives an illusion that you are not looking through the screen of your phone or PC, but you are RIGHT THERE, standing on Mira’s feet, behind the windows. As I wasn’t sure what to do, my slightly straight face leaves room for viewer’s imagination.

Photograph by Mira. In regular photos without windows, Mira’s sense of presence is weaker, and the model played the dominant role in the photo. P.S. The red walls in the east palaces are very high. individuals are painfully small in front of authorities

Till now I have shown most of our portraits’ highlights and briefly explained our photographing routes in the Forbidden Palace (Also a lot of digressions Lol)

Other sceneries I like:

Photograph by Nancy. Crow at the eave of Hall of Supreme Harmony. The only bird I saw in the Forbidden Palace is the crow, and there were flocks of them. Crows are symbols of death in Chinese culture. Human lives were worthless in the fight for power.
Photograph by Nancy. Hall of Pleasant Sounds, where Empress Dowager Cixi and her cabinets enjoyed operas
Photograph by Nancy. Emperor Qianlong’s chair at one of the west palaces
Photograph by Nancy. The stone lion and the security guard staring at each other
A man riding a bike to leave the Meridian Gate. In Bernardo’s The Last Emperor(1987) young emperor Puyi tried to leave the Forbidden Palace for his freedom by riding a bike, but he was stopped by guards at the Meridian Gate

Tips on dresses for models during the day of photographing: I don’t recommend red dresses since the overall color of the Forbidden Palace is red. I also don’t think high saturation colors will work out great. It’s true that the Qing dynasty emperors were so fond of rich bright colors, but the overall saturation of colors in Gugong is pretty low, which adds to its elegance and solemnity. I think it’s safe to wear earthy color clothes, and I would prefer green and blue ones (As I added so many greens and blues to the photos in LR !). If you want to try Chinese traditional dresses, that would be great! For modern outfits, pls pick up your coat! It looks great in large scenes, and it adds emotion to your photos as it goes up with the wind.

死,作为生的一部分永存(ヨツメカミ)

(这里本来应该加个bgm,然而wordpress似乎要升级到premium才能放mp3…假装这里放了一首 古都に咲く花 或者 雪月花,既然点都点进来了就去网易云里搜一下这两首歌,都出自下面这个avg游戏)

前段时间费劲地啃计量书,这几天还想过一过经济史…all study no play对我来说是不可能的,然而主机上的大作实在是没精力玩不(mei)动(qian),就想办法找适合学习间隙玩的avg手游,每学一个章节就去过一关,身心舒畅!搜到了一款三年前的和风解谜游戏 四ツ目神,整个风格有一种清新的少女感(都老阿姨了比较难代入穿水手服的初中生女主),看到网上一片对剧本的称赞,就决定选它了!

两天的学习间隙玩通了真结局和新结局后,虽然没有达到许多网友泪崩的程度(如果我再年轻5岁可能会吧hhh),但我也对文字游戏中的世界感到怅然,对着窗户发愣许久。然后在网上搜了一些日本神道教的资料,想写点什么。

所以,下面开始全剧透吧!

游戏打通后的进入界面。左为玩家扮演的角色,右双生弟弟

游戏的叙述是从女主真依初三时第一次回到神秘的老家四津村,并住在自己家族相良家(历代为宫司/巫女,当地四目神社的专职神职人员,实质上的统治者)开始。女主被两只小鬼引诱进入了(彼岸的)四目神社,诸多灵异现象使她困于神社出不去,最后在神社的“忌子”和四目神眷属的帮助下,一步步解谜成功离开。在这个过程之中,玩家会发现各角色的反应有诸多怪异,表象之下有险恶的内情,驱动着玩家重复剧情刷通其他结局,收集档案,直到实现真正的结局了解故事全貌。最后玩家会得到“时间回溯之书”,游戏设计者给了玩家一次逆转时间改变其他角色悲剧命运的机会。

这其实是一个比较简短的故事。游戏的叙述方式增强了娱乐性,这里我就按照事件发展顺序大致理一下故事全貌。平安时代九〇四年,统治四津村的领主收到神谕,其生出的拥有四目的孩子拥有凡人无法承受的神力,需要将四目之子奉献,把破坏力转化为繁荣的丰收之力。在领主后来诞下的双胞胎中,弟弟用彼岸花之毒杀死,并且作为四目神被世人供奉,哥哥(田方先生)则活了下来为当地带来福泽。然而哥哥一生心怀愧疚,死后魂魄伴随着弟弟,成为四目神的眷属。四目神是“水子”(不需要的孩子,出生便死去)之神,带来灾祸(日本神道教供奉的八百万神祇并不都是造福人间的神祇,其中许多与不幸有关)。

田方先生:外表是温柔善良的大哥哥,其实活了千年。游戏后期要逆转时空的话,就只能刀剑相向

由于古代资源严重匮乏,一个家里生十个,能有三四个活到成年就已经很不错了。如果家中女人生了多胞胎,是为不详,女性也会被蔑称为“畜生腹”。这时候多胞胎中只能留下最后出来的长子/女,其余胞弟妹会根据传统用彼岸花之毒杀死。这个仪式则由这片土地上的宫司,女主所在的相良家族完成。时间逐渐进入现代,这个仪式的残忍以及相良家族的教条古板使某些人产生了逆反,比如相良家的三男,女主的抚养者诚叔叔诚逃离了村子并在东京开始新生活。

女主真依的亲生父亲是相良家的长子,家族的继承人。然而到了他这一代,世世处理“不需要的孩子”的相良家诞下了一对双胞胎——女主有一个双胞胎弟弟(悠真)。当时家族的掌管者打算处理弟弟,而女主之母无法接受。她被关在地牢里,忧思过度死去,怨灵成为了四目神的一部分而存在。父亲对家族倍感绝望,将女主托付给东京的三弟诚之后回家想解救妻子,最后被想要夺取家产的二男设计害死。(我对游戏这一部分叙述并不是特别满意,家族被塑造成没人性的恶魔,很扁平。但想想日本自古以来那种极端的集体主义,也许不是完全无理吧。)

女主和诚爸爸(叔叔)一起在东京生活到了初三,直到相良家的二男找上了门,请求他们回老家拜祭家人。二人在一番挣扎后决定回老家一次。其实,二叔的真实打算是想找到女主回去继承相良家。秋分之日,阴阳各半。女主在相良家休息的时候,从地牢门口听到了女人痛苦的呼唤声(妈妈的怨灵,四目神的一部分),遇到了小白小黑两只四目神社里的小鬼,他们说着“妈妈很痛苦,请救救妈妈”这样不明所以的话。进而女主被引诱到彼岸的四目神社,在鸟居见到了急着赶她回去的“忌子”。“忌子”的身形与她相仿,脸上带着四目的面具,虽然像女孩一样扎着辫子,但其实是男孩子。真实身份是女主双胞胎弟弟悠真的亡灵。

“忌子”比较毒舌,总是喜欢说真依笨啊无知啊,向双胞胎姐姐隐瞒了所有的事情,但遇到危险的时候总是挺身而出保护真依…很有家人的感觉

“忌子”告诉女主神社很危险,必须尽快离开。然而神社里各种鬼打墙,许多怪异在阻止女主离开(就是解谜逃脱的玩法。这些怪异不一定是“妈妈”,神社里多的是孤独寂寞的亡魂)。只能求助于四目神的眷属田方先生,施行一种“此岸归来”的法术,从而使女主由彼岸之神社回归此岸。取人形纸片两张,一张写迷失者的名字,为代偶,为主人承受所有的灾祸。迷失者将另一纸片含住一直往前走,不回头,便可归去。然而,女主即将离开鸟居的时候,再一次听到了“妈妈”痛彻心扉的哭声和呼唤。她决定留在神社。

神社的地图,每个地方都很有讲究

“妈妈”的哭声是从本殿传出来的(本殿按理说是神明真身栖息的地方,但其实里面是空置的没有神像,可能会有一面镜子)。女主和“忌子”进入本殿后会遇到水子怨灵所化的四目之神。用真依的代偶可以平复“妈妈”的痛苦,从而顺利离开。在后面重刷的时候,用手镜可以超渡“妈妈”的怨灵,然后得知自己的身世和部分故事真相(大概只有田方先生的由来不知道了)。此后,真依才与弟弟悠真、田方先生、小黑小白道别,离开彼岸的四目神社。这个时候真结局路线最虐心的地方就来了。

“真依,要连同我的那份幸福,快乐地活下去啊。”

弟弟取下面具用含泪的眸子祝福真依,他们互相说再见。是呀,真依想着,他们还会再见的,那时她便是过世之人了。真依完全知晓了自己家庭悲剧的真相,泪崩在诚叔叔的怀里,继续回东京生活。与弟弟的邂逅就像一场梦一样。

其实就这样结束挺好的,这也是设计者认可的真结局。但是,玩家怎么甘心让那么可爱的弟弟留在彼岸呢?通了真结局后,玩家可以逆转时空让父母带着刚出生的双胞胎逃离四津村,于是一家四口幸福快乐地生活下去。代价是,玩家必须灭掉阻挠女主的田方先生,然后完全忘记自己与诚叔叔父女般的羁绊(就像成为在另一个平行世界生活的人)。

逆时是一个老梗了,一般都会导致意料之外的代价。即便如此,被弟弟的不幸冲昏头脑的玩家还是会义无反顾地把宝剑刺向愤怒的田方先生,回溯时光。这个时候,玩家不再是一个旁观故事的解谜机器,而是赋予了真依这个角色强烈的“拯救悠真”的心情。我不在乎这个世界会变成什么样,没想过田方先生或者抚养真依长大的诚叔叔会变得如何,我只想看到纸片人弟弟幸福地生活在此岸…但我又清楚的知道,这不过是游戏设计者给玩家编织的一个平行世界的美梦。在原来的世界里,悠真早就不在了啊。

在那个平行世界里,悠真自然地以不耐烦的口吻说话,这个时候好想让女主像笨蛋一样抱住弟弟哭诶…平行世界里的她会意识到她此刻有多么幸福吗

说到底,这就是一个死与生,亲情羁绊的故事,中间穿插着许多很有意思的日本传统元素。抛开“不需要的孩子”会被彼岸花毒死的设定,与亲人阴阳两隔本身就会引起玩家的共情。虽然很荒谬,但人们还是会想亲人在彼岸过得怎么样呢?我曾经就在睡梦里与过世的亲人共进晚餐,甚至泪眼汪汪地以为对方还活着,才发现自己处在地府。故事中,弟弟在彼岸的神社中长成了与真依一般高的男孩子,有着真依一般的善良与爱,协助她寻找获救的方法…这些美好想象的实质,是羁绊之线的另一头永远消失的悲伤,也是此岸之人承载着思念好好生活的决心。其实,也没有什么悲伤…因为对方的所处也是自己的终点,我们一步步都在走向对方。

通过这个游戏我第一次了解到日本神道教的一些礼仪,不觉繁琐,甚至觉得满怀虔诚之心在洗净自身,拜殿前两拜两拍一拜,应该会进入一种非常平静澄明的境界…前段时间看到枝裕和的《海街日记》,几个姊妹在老房子里日常拜祭去世的奶奶,需要打一下桌子前的小铃铛(应该叫本坪铃),然后拍手双手合十,闭目静坐…这些生活小细节让我看得十分入迷(才不是为了欣赏绫濑遥的颜…)。通过这个游戏了解了神道(しんとう)教之后,发现神道教与其说是一种宗教(不像佛教一样有明确的教义),不如说是日本人的一种生活方式。它体现在人们的婚育丧病、祭拜和祈福之中,在家中的神盒和身边的御守里…也根植在人们的观念中。

神道教是泛灵多神信仰,“森罗万象”,崇拜自然万物、祖先以及天皇(天皇是八百万神之主天照大神的后裔…可见其位置难以撼动)。神道教带来“万物有灵”的观念,哪怕是死的造物,也是有生命一般,让人对周遭的一切都存在敬意,温柔相待。这大概也是为什么我在接触日本的文化产品时经常会因人物细微处的優しい感到治愈吧。我本人也欣赏这种观念,不因自己是一个活着的人类就产生优越感,珍惜自己的时间,敬畏自己手上的事情。今天的我站在此岸,一定会用心感受彼岸的人们来不及体会的美好…平静地消失在那曼珠沙华开遍的尽头。

本来今年毕业是想去日本玩的,这个计划因新冠只能推迟到后年?之前只想去东京几个熟悉的游戏取景地,还有京都的清水寺、山口琉璃光寺等佛教寺庙(宗教爱好者嘛,在寺庙抄写心经一直在人生to-do list上)…现在又想加几个神社,求个学业御守吧!

6.17一些肤浅无趣的记录

处理完毕业事宜,陷入了完全没任务的空档期,还有十天不到就要去上班。

本来应该好好看书,写写代码充实自己,结果六天以来书翻了50页不到…Python和Arc-GIS更是没有启动过呵呵呵呵。可以说六天完全没有progress,这种事情发生在我身上还是非常罕见的。那我干啥了呢?趁着空档期把常年熬夜(不知道是在工作学习还是玩手机)的成果——眼袋给割掉了,跟小姐妹们探讨割双眼皮到底有没有必要(结论是没必要),没戴眼镜骑车摔坏了脚,看了几章伍绮诗的Everything I never told you, 追了乘风破浪的姐姐,看了几集十日游戏,继续补了一季的Mad Men,和父母吵了几架,然后就是喝各种奶茶,睡觉和荒废时间(然而我连PS4都没开机过)…没有progress的心理状态加上不适的身体,让自己更加没有动力改变没有progress的现状。

这真是个恶性循环…这是要被社会淘汰的节奏吧呵呵呵呵。

有时候觉得自己是一个没有欲望的人,对美食没欲望(已经只靠鸡蛋面包水果生活了两个月,不定期喝奶茶),喜欢维持素颜、T-shirt和牛仔裤的模样,没有未来恋爱结婚生子的念头,不想买房子觉得居无定所也很好…甚至连申博士的学校都没有很高的要求,给我一个安静有风景的地方学习做研究,给我cover生活费的工资就ok了。

有时候又觉得自己什么都想要。这个世界上有太多美好的东西值得去体验了(此处省略一个list)…可是我tm没钱。我的工作属性也是注定不会发大财的。我的家庭虽然是个标准的中产,但也十分的财务焦虑,多花一点自家的钱都让我有道德负罪感,不自由到难以呼吸…只能继续我的austerity,假装自己没有过那些其他的想法。这样也挺好的,不是嘛?我的精力可以完全投入到几个大的目标中,不容易被分心。

哈哈哈这也曾是我的白日梦…表白兼具美貌与才华的万老板!

趁着空档期,不仅想再过一遍高级计量,还想再多读点无关紧要的文学作品。以前把很多精力投入到数理化,后来也在做项目的过程中学习编程。现在回过头来,觉得最值得珍视的还是讲故事的能力,无论语言。我喜欢数学公式的简洁优美,但story更能打动人心,这大概也是为什么我没有走向纯理科或工科吧。然而从最近写的东西来看,我的语言表达能力真的太太太太差了…

对于以后的日子,我只想规律作息、坚持去健身房,好好学习工作写出有价值的paper,游历考察世界各地、广交朋友(from all walks of life),以后能用英语写本书什么的。大概会穷得叮当响地过完一生,如果有一点财产的话就捐给社会。年纪大了就找个寺庙出家(哈哈哈还是老老实实躺在养老院吧),翻着我写的东西然后藉藉无名地死掉。我觉得这样还蛮酷的。

A Short Journey back to Wuhan and my Hometown Part 2

Sorry for my unrefined writing in Part 1. It was in the small hours and I wanted to finish the blog ASAP, which compromised the quality (Lol my English is also not good enough, anyway) I will keep writing about Wuhan University in Part 2 and maybe move on to my experiences back in my hometown (my mother’s birthplace), which is a typical third-tier city in mainland China.

School bus of Wuhan University. Taxi and private cars are not permitted to run at school during this period. I used to walk down this road to get to the commercial areas outside of the university.

Honestly, I didn’t like my university (WHU) very much. And that’s part of the reason why I ran away from Wuhan for exchange study during the year 2019, receiving education in the western style. In my freshman year, I was unsatisfied with WHU because it’s not the kind of school for the brightest students, and it kept reminding me of my tragic failure in Gaokao ( Chinese college entrance exam). Later on, I realized that I was sick of college education in Chinese style, and it wouldn’t get much better even if I had been admitted to the top 2 universities.

I studied in enormous classrooms for lectures after lectures, whose contents were quite outdated and lost pace with the international society. Through these lectures, I wasn’t able to have thorough understanding in important courses such as econometrics and mathematical statistics, since we were overwhelmed with lectures (the sheer multitude of the lectures compromise the depth of their contents) and lacked necessary tutorials. Besides, some teachers didn’t seem to be enthusiastic in fulfilling their teaching responsibilities, which is, not friendly. I guess this is pretty natural when students don’t contribute the bulk of the school’s financial income, and when their numbers are huge. What also bothered me were the three (now four, the Xi Jingping thoughts is newly added) ideological and political courses, which occupied quite a lot of time and I couldn’t see any productive effects in learning them. I still remembered staying up the whole night with my roommates sitting for the exam—— the Introduction of Mao Zedong Thought Essentials. There were endless contents to be crammed, and I was terrified by the possibility of sudden cardiac death when I was sitting in the examination room that morning. Besides, there were always some stupid tasks required from the university, such as taking a photo of yourself watching a propaganda kind of video.

As for the students, the majority of my peers were only interested in their social activities and internships. I was a little disappointed to realize that many of my peers were so engrossed in games and superficial soap operas, and lacked professional or academic ambitions——all they wanted to do is to have fun. At the same time, I was very glad to see that a small group of people had strong ambitions and enriched their mind earnestly on campus, so we developed friendship.

A view on the way from the library to my dorm. The rustling of the trees always stirs my emotions.

There was a time when I felt I was abandoned by the university institution, and that nobody would be kind enough to provide fine guidance for my future path of development. All I knew was to study hard and I won the national scholarship in my sophomore year, while scoring 8 in IELTS (I was determined to apply for a master’s degree in English speaking countries). And then, something happened and changed my life forever. I encountered a group of professors that pointed out a clear route for my future career development. When I look back, they are among the few bittersweet but cherished memories I have at WHU.

I was selected to attend professors ‘ economic workshops regularly and work as RA, with other 9 peers, all of whom are brilliant. I was especially fascinated by one of the professors, who went to study in the best economics and management school in Peking University at 15, and later quitted his high-paying job in order to pursue his academic ambition at WHU. He was incredibly smart and full of idealism. I could never forget the night when the whole workshop group was dining and drinking together, he expressed his wish to tell the Chinese story to the international academic world, which was heavily dominated by the western accounts. Because of information asymmetry and other systematic barriers, the Chinese talents were not given a full play in the international academic world, and thus the western societies lacked adequate understanding of China’s economic development. His attitude of life also influenced me: “I believe that I was born to this world for a cause…We are dusts in the river of time, but our thoughts may live foreverI need you all to raise doubts on my words, challenge the authority, and surpass the professors you see sitting in front of you.”

Being deeply moved, I started to make up my mind on a career in academia. All those time I had felt myself fragile and a nobody in this world, but when a ambition harbored in me, I felt like a powerful warrior fighting for my dreams.

The playground. I used to run long distances here at night.

The later days were not easy. I worked very hard, but I unfortunately broke my leg and stayed in the dorm for three months. Many things were brought to an abrupt stop, no matter how hard I tried to catch up with others. When I returned to my work with the professors, I sensed from them a clear preference for other students, especially the boys. I was not bold enough, and I spoke very cautiously to the professors, which made myself seem stupid LOL. What frustrated me later was that , my programming work was mistaken by one professor to be the work of another boy, and he praised him directly, ignoring all my efforts. It seemed that he didn’t believe in his heart that this nice job is accomplished by me. Similar biases occurred to my girl friend, who is interested in pursuing PhD. While the teacher kept ordering her to do all sorts of errands for him, he gave his boy students incomparable resources. In one occasion, the girl was told that “being good at studying doesn’t mean being suitable for academic research”, which is so untrue in her case.

The academia is heavily dominated by men. There are many more women students than men students in Wuhan University, but the preference for men never dies. I was very angry at that time, but as time passed, I have calmly accepted this as a fact. I wouldn’t have bad feelings when I noticed a professor was biased in terms of gender (usually they won’t admit it). I am not a social activists for gender equality, and my energies are so limited that I need to pour them in to the economic realm I really interested in. All I need to do is work hard, be inspiring and productive. People will realize how wrong it is to be stereotyping. Simply crying out will not solve this deep-rooted problem, and my brilliant work and actions will speak louder than words.

Regarding WHU, I think I shall stop here.

Home Cuisines in Hunan

I quickly left Wuhan University and arrived in a small town in Hunan province, where my mother was born and my elder relatives live. It was located between Wuhan and Zhuhai, Guangdong province, where I reside. There were some family issues that needed to be addressed by me in person, besides, there had been a long time since I last saw my grandmother, who had been suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, which deteriorated after we lost grandpa.

The hometown was a typical third-tier city, and my grandma was living with my aunt’s family on the outskirts of town. I was welcomed by my aunt’s family with their best cuisines. Chicken, pork, eel… hometown was a typical third-tier city, and my grandma was living with my aunt’s family on the outskirts of town. I was welcomed by my aunt’s family with their best cuisines. Chicken, pork, eel…covered in complicated seasonings and thick oil. Honestly, it had been a long time since I last ate something with rich flavor and oil, and I kept eating bread and sauce, eggs and veggies. I found it hard to get used to the eating habit in Hunan and Hubei province, but I was still very moved by their warm reception. The family was in rather difficult situation, but they treated me like a very important guest.

I was pleased that grandma still noticed who I am. She spoke very softly, with her eyes carefully contemplating me. This was not my normal grandma. In the past, she would greet me with high spirits and gave me a huge hug. Now, she approached me like a quiet little girl. She kept saying things that didn’t make much sense, such as asking ” Did your uncle accompany you here?” In fact, my uncle, a member of the army, was still under a 20-day rigorous quarantine even though there were no positive cases at all, which was another example of China’s extreme disease control measures. She also asked earnestly, ” Do you know where your grandpa is?“. I replied that he had already rested in peace. She then said to me with a secret look, “He’s gone, and he didn’t tell you.

Grandma could easily get lost if she took a stroll alone. Besides, she slept very little, staying up whole night fumbling around the dark room. She had lost the idea of time, and she always woke up in the midnight, thinking that it’s already morning and she should do something, such as grocery shopping. Consequently, she always wanted to go out when everybody were sleeping tight. Aunt said that the door gate was constantly locked at night, just to prevent grandma from rambling out. However, grandma would pound on the lock desperately sometimes, expressing her strong wish to go out.

I got fidgety when I heard about my grandma’s condition. The following night sleeping by grandma’s bedroom was just restless.

It started from 10 pm. When I was lying on the bed studying Japanese in my leisure time, there was a sudden feeling that someone was looking at me through the space of opened door. When I raised my head abruptly, I saw grandma standing there in creepy silence with her bright night gown, which formed a strange contrast with the night dark.

She was awake from her short sleep. I asked her what she was doing there with a smile.

Don’t worry about me. I just came to see whether you all are sleeping.” Her eyes contemplated me carefully, and then walked back to her room like an obedient child.

In fact, I was the only person who could be checked upon, since my door was open. Other members of the family had their doors shut, which kept them away from interruptions. When I was about to sleep, I shut the door with a strange feeling. I fidgeted at the idea of seeing grandma standing there, watching me when I woke up in my dreams. At the same time, I was afraid of letting her rambling freely in the dark. What if she hurt herself? What if she turned on the gas and put all of us at risk? I could hardly fell asleep with those crazy thoughts.

The dogs at the door gate barked several times at night. Were there burglars at the door? Or was grandma trying to break the locks? Since I sensed no move from other family members, and I was quite timid to get down the stairs to check this late night, I just let it be. I heard some murmuring outside of the bedroom door. Was grandma in trouble? Or was she just babbling like a child? Those questions conjured up in my mind, and gradually faded away in the thick darkness.

When it grew brighter outside (5 am), I heard her voice again. I opened my bedroom door and found her standing in the lounge. There was a surprised look on her face. Again, I asked her what she was doing there.

I’m just looking around…It’s still early, go to sleep, child.” And then, she fumbled upstairs to the rooftop.

I wondered whether I slept any more than 5 hours that night. I bought the tickets to leave the other day, after my work was done in Hunan. I knew I should have stayed longer to keep company with my grandma, but part of me refused to stay.

When I left the house for the train back to my residential city, I saw grandma standing in a distance, looking at me with her quiet and careful eyes. I waved her goodbye, but she didn’t respond. I said “see you later!“, but she stood still.

On my way to the train station, aunt’s husband told me that grandma was acting even more strangely that day, such as wearing two layers of clothes in the heat… she was constantly talking about buying some delicious food for me while I was out addressing family issues.

Grandma had lost many basic abilities, but she always remembered family relationships. When we two were together, she kept talking about how precious family was, and how sad and lonely it would be without a family. She expressed her strong wish that I bring home a husband, and that she would be extremely happy to see me having my own family. All I could say was, “Aye, don’t worry grandma. I will.”

When my car ran across the wide-stretching cabbage field, I kept thinking of grandma, who was so lively and full of smiles in the past. She spent all her life with her family’s company, but every night, she fumbled in the darkness. All the doors were shut and locked, and nobody could do anything about it. She was completely alone.

The train roared past. With my heavy luggage, I was running towards my bright young ambitions, my own relationships, my fate of aging and perishment… and my own darkness, alone.

I looked at the screen, and smiled quietly under my face mask.

A Short Journey back to Wuhan and my Hometown Part 1

I am writing this blog with the A/C on, lying cozily on my own bed. As usual, I’m gonna staying up late until the small hours, either working or binge watching. I have all the expensive essence and eye cream applied to my face, which is pretty ironic since the best way to maintain beauty is going to bed EARLY. Everything seems normal. No, terrific. It’s so good to have my wonderful life back. The past three days have been exhausting, both physically and mentally. While I was pondering over the state of those I encountered during the short journey, I secretly missed my neat and clean little room and its cool air for every single minute. What a shame.

Honestly, I can’t face the fact that I am a graduate, and that I have to bring all my stuff back from the dorm. I still feel like I’m not learned enough, not good enough in math, not familiar enough with advanced economic theories, not proficient enough in programming…There’s still a very long way to go in the course of studying, and I’m not fully prepared for my duty as a research assistant working for these brilliant economists. Besides, I still want to strengthen my ties with my college friends. I want to discuss academic stuff with them, do sports, spend nights drinking wine and karaoke together…Our paths are inevitably diverging from one another. It’s a pity that my attachment to Wuhan University is not very strong, since I just spent a year studying outside of P.R.China. All those gloomy thoughts in my mind, I left for Wuhan with a simplest package, not carrying my PC or my makeup LOL.

It was smotheringly hot in Wuhan, and the mosquitoes added to my bother. Everything was pretty fine when I was undergoing the rigorous tests and red tapes in the school gate. The teachers were very friendly, and the university provided health supplies to us warmingly. However, I was shocked when I set foot in my room in the dorm.

I had expected the room to be rather clean, not awfully dirty at least. A roommate was trapped in the dorm when the lockdown was initiated in Wuhan, and she spent literally five months living in our room, alone. I couldn’t imagine how tough her life was during the lockdown. She was not allowed to leave the dorm for almost four months, and her only contact with the outside occurs when the university staff deliver food. It was like staying at prison, but she later put it as being locked in a mental hospital, which implies the insanity in this draconian measure. I communicated with her via Wechat several times, and I was pleased when she gave me the impression that she led a decent and proud life. In one occasion she told me a girl in the dorm committed suicide after months of lockdown, and she shared some details of the tragedy. We mourned for the girl together. I thought she had a very strong mind.

I felt my stomach churning when I walk into the room. With my eyeglasses on, I could see every dirty corners clearly. Numerous long hairs were curling on the ground with visible dirt, let alone the scattering garbage and spider webs. The toilet was also covered with black long hair, and it stunk. I had never seen in my life anything more disgusting than the sink right before my eyes. The wide-spreading thick substance clinging on the bottom of the sink manifested themselves in toxic green and black, with white toothpastes floating above, as the remains of tooth brushing. I felt like I would faint with another sight, so I rushed out the room as quickly as I could.

I couldn’t help but text my roommate and complain about the sanitary condition. I knew this was awkward, and she replied with awkward messages, speaking at my pointless attention to the dorm’s cleanness,since I only need to pack my own things. However, I was so stunned that I didn’t have the courage to set foot in that place again. I just couldn’t imagine how frustrated a person could be to allow herself living in such an environment. Did she really find that sink acceptable during her tough life, so she didn’t even bother to clean it up? Even though she knew that her roommate would come to share this room, she still didn’t bother. Would I be in the same frustrating state, if it was me who were left behind during the pandemic? I was so angry, and so sad. I wanted to argue with her, listen to her frustrations and help her, but in the end, I swallowed up all my emotions and cleaned up the sink and the toilet by myself.

When I saw her in person, I knew her condition was not very good. From my perspective, she was hard-working, self-assertive, but not very upbeat and tended to see the world in cynical eyes. She was helpful and had a very kind heart, but she lacked judicious choice of words and annoyed people sometimes. This had something to do with her hardships in life. I sensed that she had become more cynical and self-interested after the lockdown. I felt sorrowful for the things she had been through and wanted to do something for her, but I knew it was useless. I was supposed to accompany her, but I left the dorm as soon as I could. All I could do now is pray for her and wish her for the best.

I also had other cheerful encounters with friends, and I spent the last night in Wuhan University chatting with my friend who returned from her job as RA in the University of Hong Kong. She was forced to quarantine 14 days when she traveled from Hong Kong to Shenzhen, and another 14 days after her trip from Shenzhen to Hubei. Her life in Hong Kong was also a little depressing, since she spent most of her time at home in isolation, for fear of the violent protests and the pandemic. After her arrival at her hometown in Hubei, she was still troubled by her parents, who wanted dominant control over their daughter. Conflicts within households have become a serious problem during the pandemic, and they seemed to be more severe for us teenage girls. Anyway, I believe she will achieve her dreams, regardless of what her parents think.

the road beside school of economics and management. I walked this road many times when I was working for professors during summer vacation.

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